C Lourengo. S B Lugovsky. A Lusiani. Scuola Normale Superiore. Y Makida. F Maltoni. T Mannel. A V Manohar. W J Marciano. A Masoni. J Matthews. M Mikhasenko. D J Miller. University of Glasgow, School of Physics and Astronomy. D Milstead. R E Mitchell. Indiana University, Department of Physics. DESY, Zeuthen. P Molaro. F Moortgat. M Moskovic.
K Nakamura. M Narain. Brown University, Department of Physics. P Nason. S Navas. Universidad de Granada, Dpto. M Neubert. P Nevski. Y Nir. K A Olive. C Patrignani. Scienze per la Qualita della Vita. J A Peacock. S T Petcov. V A Petrov. A Pich. A Piepke. University of Alabama, Department of Physics and Astronomy. A Pomarol. S Profumo. A Quadt. Physikalisches Institut. K Rabbertz.
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. J Rademacker. G Raffelt. H Ramani. M Ramsey-Musolf. B N Ratcliff. P Richardson. A Ringwald. S Roesler. S Rolli. DOE, Washington. A Romaniouk. L J Rosenberg. University of Washington, Department of Physics. J L Rosner. G Rybka. M Ryskin. Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute. R A Ryutin. Y Sakai. G P Salam. S Sarkar. F Sauli. O Schneider. K Scholberg. Duke University, Physics Department.
A J Schwartz. University of Cincinnati, Department of Physics. J Schwiening. See also Wikipedia:Comparison of audio player software. See also Wikipedia:Comparison of video player software. See also: MPlayer frontends , mpv. See also Wikipedia:Comparison of screencasting software. See also Wikipedia:Comparison of integrated development environments. See also Wikipedia:List of search engines Desktop search engines. See also Wikipedia:Comparison of file archivers. See also Wikipedia:Comparison of file comparison tools.
This article or section needs expansion. See also Wikipedia:Comparison of office suites. They also had higher RRs for preterm birth and fetal distress of 1. The proportions of spontaneous preterm birth were similar. The rates of prelabor rupture of membranes were similar in both groups Table 1. Fully adjusting models of our primary outcomes for all planned variables reduced the sample size owing to missing data, but affected the results minimally eTable 2 in the Supplement.
In regression models, the gestational age at delivery was 0. Of these, 54 Among test-positive women with test-positive neonates, the cesarean delivery rate was Overall, the presence of any symptoms increased the association with adverse outcomes compared with the group of women without COVID diagnosis.
The presence of fever and shortness of breath, separately or in combination with any symptom cluster, was markedly associated with a risk of the 3 summary indices, as well as preterm birth Table 2. Having shortness of breath, chest pain, and cough with fever was associated with a substantial increase in the risk for severe maternal and neonatal conditions and preterm birth. Among those with no prepregnancy morbidities and those without overweight at their first antenatal visit, women with COVID diagnosis were still at increased risk of these complications compared with women without COVID diagnosis.
We also compared the risk for severe neonatal complications in test-positive and test-negative neonates of women with and without COVID diagnosis, the latter as a reference group. In separate sensitivity analyses, adjusting for additional confounders marital status, overweight, smoking and drug use during pregnancy , restricting mothers with COVID diagnosis to laboratory-confirmed positive results and excluding twins, we found that relative risks for COVID—associated maternal and neonatal morbidities were similar to our main results eTable 2 in the Supplement.
Furthermore, we treated each country all hospitals in a country pooled as if they were separate studies in a meta-analysis. We conducted a large-scale, prospective, multinational study to assess the symptoms and associations between COVID in pregnancy and maternal and neonatal outcomes that included, to our knowledge for the first time, immediately concomitant pregnant women without COVID diagnosis from the same populations, carefully enrolled to minimize selection bias.
The risk of maternal mortality was 1. These deaths were concentrated in institutions from less developed regions, implying that when comprehensive ICU services are not fully available, COVID in pregnancy can be lethal. Uncertainty persists because the placentas of women with COVID, compared with controls, show vascular changes consistent with preeclampsia, 31 but the state of systemic inflammation and hypercoagulability found in nonpregnant patients with severe illness and COVID is also a feature of preeclampsia.
It is known that in nonpregnant patients, distinct subtypes may be predictive of clinical outcomes. Specifically, severe pregnancy and neonatal complication rates were highest in women if fever and shortness of breath were present, reflecting systemic disease; their presence for 1 to 4 days was associated with severe maternal and neonatal complications. This observation should influence clinical care and referral strategies. The risks of severe neonatal complications, including NICU stay for 7 days or longer, as well as the summary index of severe neonatal morbidity and its individual components, were also substantially higher in the group of women with COVID diagnosis.
The increased neonatal risk remained after adjusting for previous preterm birth and preterm birth in the index pregnancy; thus, a direct effect on the newborn from COVID is likely. Overall, our results were consistent across morbidities and mostly at an RR near or greater than 2 for maternal and neonatal outcomes, with narrow CIs excluding unity, and above 3 to 4 in several estimates.
Sensitivity and stratified analyses confirmed the observed results. Hence, higher morbidity and mortality risk should be expected for the general pregnant population, especially in low- to middle-income countries. We found Reassuringly, as SARS-CoV-2 has not been isolated from breast milk, 35 breastfeeding was not associated with any increase in the rate of test-positive neonates.
Thus, women with COVID diagnosis or whose pregnancy ended earlier in pregnancy are underrepresented either because our study was exclusively hospital based or earlier infection may manifest with mild symptoms, which are either ignored or managed in primary care. Alternatively, most women might have avoided the hospital until late in pregnancy or when in labor. Our study has expected limitations. Ideally, we would have collected data prospectively from all pregnancies in the participating institutions, but this was impractical because of their large number of deliveries.
There was a small risk of selection bias associated with the reference group of women without COVID diagnosis, despite all efforts to ensure they represented an unbiased sample of the general noninfected pregnant population. The selection of cases with COVID diagnosis was affected by whether routine testing was conducted, awareness of COVID symptoms particularly early in the pandemic, and the availability of test kits.
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This section mainly lists the terminal emulators based on the in-kernel virtual device, i. See also Wikipedia:Terminal pager. See also Wikipedia:Terminal multiplexer. See also Wikipedia:Comparison of file managers. This article or section is a candidate for merging with Synchronization and backup programs Data synchronization.
See also Synchronization and backup programs , Wikipedia:Comparison of file synchronization software , and Wikipedia:Comparison of backup software. For archiving and compression command-line tools, see Archiving and compression. See also Wikipedia:Comparison of file comparison tools. See Pacnew and Pacsave files Managing. See diff 1 from diffutils and its alternatives. Vim and Emacs provide merge functionality with vimdiff and ediff. See rename 1 from util-linux. This section lists utilities for file searching based on filename, file path or metadata.
For full-text searching, see the next section. See also Wikipedia:List of search engines Desktop search engines. See find 1 from findutils and its alternatives. See grep 1 from grep and its alternatives , which provide non-indexed full-text search.
See also Wikipedia:Comparison of revision control software. See also Wikipedia:List of build automation software. See also Wikipedia:Comparison of integrated development environments. See also: [1]. See also Wikipedia:Comparison of hex editors. See also Wikipedia:Literate programming. See also Git server Advanced web applications. See also Wikipedia:List of tools for code review. See also Wikipedia:List of game engines.
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